Please see the article below (in Japanese) for details of the methodology.

Futoshi Ishii (2015) "Study for the Developing of the Japanese Moratlity Database", Journal of Population Problems, Vol.71, No. 1, pp.3-27.(in Japanese)

Please see the article below (in Japanese) for the classification of the age-standardized death rates.

ISHII, Futoshi (2022) "Classification of Causes of Death for the Japanese Mortality Database and Its Application to Mortality Analysis", Journal of Population Problems, Vol.78, No. 1, pp.32-55.(in Japanese)